Is Graphic Arts More Important and Accomplished Than Fine Arts

Art adult primarily for aesthetics

In European academic traditions, fine fine art is developed primarily for aesthetics or creative expression, distinguishing it from decorative art or applied art, which besides has to serve some practical function, such equally pottery or most metalwork. In the artful theories developed in the Italian Renaissance, the highest art was that which allowed the full expression and display of the artist's imagination, unrestricted by any of the applied considerations involved in, say, making and decorating a teapot. It was also considered important that making the artwork did non involve dividing the work between dissimilar individuals with specialized skills, as might be necessary with a furniture, for case.^[one] Fifty-fifty within the fine arts, there was a hierarchy of genres based on the amount of creative imagination required, with history painting placed higher than all the same life.

Historically, the five master fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and verse, with performing arts including theatre and dance.^[ii] In exercise, outside education, the concept is typically only applied to the visual arts. The sometime master print and drawing were included as related forms to painting, just as prose forms of literature were to verse. Today, the range of what would be considered fine arts (in so far every bit the term remains in use) usually includes additional modern forms, such as film, photography, video product/editing, blueprint, and conceptual art.^{[ original enquiry? ] [ opinion ]}

One definition of fine art is "a visual fine art considered to have been created primarily for artful and intellectual purposes and judged for its dazzler and meaningfulness, specifically, painting, sculpture, cartoon, watercolor, graphics, and architecture."^[3] In that sense, there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the decorative arts or applied arts (these 2 terms roofing largely the same media). Every bit far as the consumer of the fine art was concerned, the perception of aesthetic qualities required a refined judgment usually referred to as having good taste, which differentiated fine art from popular art and entertainment.^[4]

The word "fine" does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the discipline according to traditional Western European canons.^[vi] Except in the case of compages, where a practical utility was accustomed, this definition originally excluded the "useful" applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded every bit crafts. In contemporary practice, these distinctions and restrictions have become substantially meaningless, as the concept or intention of the creative person is given primacy, regardless of the ways through which this is expressed.^[7]

The term is typically simply used for Western art from the Renaissance onwards, although similar genre distinctions tin can apply to the art of other cultures, especially those of East Asia. The fix of "fine arts" are sometimes also called the "major arts", with "minor arts" equating to the decorative arts. This would typically be for medieval and ancient art.

Origins, history and development [edit]

According to some writers, the concept of a distinct category of fine art is an invention of the early on modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art: A Cultural History (2003) locates the invention in the 18th century: "There was a traditional "organization of the arts" in the Westward before the eighteenth century. (Other traditional cultures still take a similar organisation.) In that system, an artist or artisan was a skilled maker or practitioner, a work of art was the useful production of skilled work, and the appreciation of the arts was integrally connected with their role in the balance of life. "Art", in other words, meant approximately the aforementioned thing equally the Greek word "techne", or in English "skill", a sense that has survived in phrases like "the fine art of war", "the fine art of love", and "the art of medicine."^[viii] Similar ideas accept been expressed past Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton (eastward.g. The Credo of the Aesthetic), though the bespeak of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance; Anthony Blunt notes that the term arti di disegno, a similar concept, emerged in Italy in the mid-16th century.^[9]

Simply information technology can exist argued that the classical world, from which very footling theoretical writing on art survives, in do had like distinctions. The names of artists preserved in literary sources are Greek painters and sculptors, and to a bottom extent the carvers of engraved gems. Several individuals in these groups were very famous, and copied and remembered for centuries after their deaths. The cult of the private artistic genius, which was an important part of the Renaissance theoretical basis for the distinction between "fine" and other art, drew on classical precedent, especially as recorded by Pliny the Elder. Some other types of object, in particular Ancient Greek pottery, are frequently signed by their makers or the possessor of the workshop, probably partly to advertise their products.

The decline of the concept of "fine art" is dated by George Kubler and others to around 1880. When it "fell out of way" as, by about 1900, folk fine art was also coming to be regarded as pregnant.^[10] Finally, at to the lowest degree in circles interested in art theory, ""fine art" was driven out of use past near 1920 by the exponents of industrial design ... who opposed a double standard of judgment for works of fine art and for useful objects".^[xi] This was amid theoreticians; it has taken far longer for the fine art trade and popular opinion to catch upward. Withal, over the same period of the tardily 19th and early on 20th centuries, the movement of prices in the art market was in the opposite direction, with works from the fine arts cartoon much further alee of those from the decorative arts. As art in the 21st century fine arts by artist such as Timothy Gilbert with his abilities of expression of freedoms and times in cultures capturing insite to canvous.

In the art merchandise the term retains some currency for objects from before roughly 1900 and may be used to define the telescopic of auctions or auction firm departments and the like. The term also remains in use in third pedagogy, appearing in the names of colleges, faculties, and courses. In the English-speaking globe this is mostly in North America, merely the same is true of the equivalent terms in other European languages, such as beaux-arts in French or bellas artes in Spanish.

Cultural perspectives [edit]

The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have oftentimes dominated in Europe and the United states is not shared by all other cultures. But traditional Chinese fine art had comparable distinctions, distinguishing within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape literati painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting and sculpture. Although high status was too given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the W, in particular ceramics, jade carving, weaving, and embroidery, this past no ways extended to the workers who created these objects, who typically remained fifty-fifty more anonymous than in the West. Like distinctions were made in Japanese and Korean fine art. In Islamic art, the highest status was generally given to calligraphy, architects and the painters of Persian miniatures and related traditions, but these were still very oftentimes court employees. Typically they as well supplied designs for the best Persian carpets, architectural tiling and other decorative media, more consistently than happened in the West.

Latin American art was dominated by European colonialism until the 20th-century, when indigenous art began to reassert itself inspired by the Constructivist Motion, which reunited arts with crafts based upon socialist principles. In Africa, Yoruba art often has a political and spiritual function. Every bit with the art of the Chinese, the art of the Yoruba is also often equanimous of what would ordinarily be considered in the West to be craft production. Some of its near admired manifestations, such as textiles, fall in this category.

Visual arts [edit]

2-dimensional works [edit]

Painting and drawing [edit]

Painting every bit a fine art ways applying paint to a flat surface (as opposed for example to painting a sculpture, or a slice of pottery), typically using several colours. Prehistoric painting that has survived was applied to natural rock surfaces, and wall painting, peculiarly on wet plaster in the fresco technique was a major form until recently. Portable paintings on wood console or canvas have been the most important in the Western world for several centuries, mostly in tempera or oil painting. Asian painting has more often used paper, with the monochrome ink and wash painting tradition dominant in Eastern asia. Paintings that are intended to go in a book or album are called "miniatures", whether for a Western illuminated manuscript or in Persian miniature and its Turkish equivalent, or Indian paintings of various types. Watercolour is the western version of painting in newspaper; forms using gouache, chalk, and similar mediums without brushes are really forms of drawing.

Cartoon is one of the major forms of the visual arts, and painters demand drawing skills as well. Common instruments include: graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax colour pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or various metals like silverpoint. In that location are a number of subcategories of cartoon, including cartooning and creating comics.

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Mosaics [edit]

Mosaics are images formed with small pieces of rock or glass, called tesserae. They can be decorative or functional. An artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Ancient Greeks and Romans created realistic mosaics. Mythological subjects, or scenes of hunting or other pursuits of the wealthy, were pop equally the centrepieces of a larger geometric design, with strongly emphasized borders.^[12] Early on Christian basilicas from the quaternary century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. The nearly famous Byzantine basilicas decorated with mosaics are the Basilica of San Vitale from Ravenna (Italy) and Hagia Sophia from Istanbul (Turkey).

Printmaking [edit]

Printmaking covers the making of images on paper that can be reproduced multiple times by a printing process. It has been an of import creative medium for several centuries, in the West and East Asia. Major historic techniques include engraving, woodcut and etching in the West, and woodblock printing in Eastern asia, where the Japanese ukiyo-e style is the most important. The 19th-century invention of lithography and then photographic techniques accept partly replaced the historic techniques. Older prints tin can be divided into the fine art One-time Principal impress and popular prints, with book illustrations and other practical images such as maps somewhere in the center.

Except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each impress is considered an original, as opposed to a copy. The reasoning backside this is that the print is non a reproduction of another work of art in a dissimilar medium – for instance, a painting – but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An individual print is also referred to equally an impression. Prints are created from a single original surface, known technically equally a matrix. Common types of matrices include: plates of metal, usually copper or zinc for engraving or etching; stone, used for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts, linoleum for linocuts and fabric in the case of screen-printing. But at that place are many other kinds. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called an edition. In modernistic times each impress is often signed and numbered forming a "express edition." Prints may also be published in book form, as artist'southward books. A single print could exist the product of one or multiple techniques.

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Calligraphy [edit]

Calligraphy is a type of visual art. A contemporary definition of calligraphic practice is "the fine art of giving form to signs in an expressive, harmonious and skillful mode".^[13] Modern calligraphy ranges from functional hand-lettered inscriptions and designs to fine-art pieces where the abstruse expression of the handwritten mark may or may not compromise the legibility of the letters.^[13] Classical calligraphy differs from typography and non-classical hand-lettering, though a calligrapher may create all of these; characters are historically disciplined all the same fluid and spontaneous, improvised at the moment of writing.^{[14] [15] [sixteen]}

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Photography [edit]

Fine fine art photography refers to photographs that are created to fulfill the artistic vision of the artist. Fine art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism and commercial photography. Photojournalism visually communicates stories and ideas, mainly in print and digital media. Art photography is created primarily every bit an expression of the artist's vision, but has too been important in advancing certain causes. Depiction of nudity has been ane of the dominating themes in fine-art photography.

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  Man Ray, Lampshade, reproduced in 391, northward. xiii, July 1920

Parallel to this evolution, the interface between the media, which were largely separate at that time, in the narrow understanding of the concept of art, between painting and photography became relevant from an art-historical point of view in the early 1960s and mid-1970s through the piece of work of the photo artists Pierre Cordier (Chimigramme ), Paolo Monti (Chemigram ) and Josef H. Neumann (Chemogram ) closed inside a new art grade. In 1974, Josef H. Neumann Chemogram closed the separation of the painterly ground and the photographic layer by presenting them, in a symbiosis that was unprecedented upwardly to that point in time, as an unmistakable unique item in a simultaneous painterly and real photographic perspective within a photographic layer in colors and forms united. ^[17]

• Chemogram and Chimigram

Iii-dimensional works [edit]

Compages [edit]

Architecture is frequently considered a fine fine art, especially if its artful components are spotlighted – in contrast to structural-engineering or construction-management components. Architectural works are perceived as cultural and political symbols and works of art. Historical civilizations oftentimes are known primarily through their architectural achievements. Such buildings as the pyramids of Egypt and the Roman Colosseum are cultural symbols, and are important links in public consciousness, even when scholars have discovered much about by civilizations through other means. Cities, regions, and cultures continue to place themselves with, and are known by, their architectural monuments.^[18]

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Pottery [edit]

With some mod exceptions, pottery is not considered as art, but "fine pottery" remains a valid technical term, especially in archæology. "Fine wares" are high-quality pottery, often painted, moulded or otherwise decorated, and in many periods distinguished from "coarse wares", which are bones utilitarian pots used by the mass of the population, or in the kitchen rather than for more formal purposes.

Even when, as with porcelain figurines, a piece of pottery has no practical purpose, the making of information technology is typically a collaborative and semi-industrial ane, involving many participants with different skills.

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Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping hard or plastic material, ordinarily stone (either rock or marble), metal, or forest. Some sculptures are created straight by carving; others are assembled, built up and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered ane of the plastic arts. The bulk of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may be referred to equally a sculpture garden.

Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the bulk of the surviving works (other than pottery) from aboriginal cultures; conversely, traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished nigh entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.^[19]

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  Venus de Milo; 130–100 BC; marble; height: 203 cm (80 in); Louvre

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  The Bust of Louis Xiv by Gian Lorenzo Bernini; 1665; marble; 105 × 99 × 46 cm; Palace of Versailles

Conceptual fine art [edit]

Conceptual art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that often defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text. However, through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s, its pop usage, particularly in the UK, developed every bit a synonym for all contemporary fine art that does not exercise the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.^[twenty]

Performing arts [edit]

Music [edit]

Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs tune and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and joint), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the "color" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements.

Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; at that place are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments.

The give-and-take derives from Greek μουσική (mousike, "art of the Muses").

Trip the light fantastic toe [edit]

Trip the light fantastic toe is an art class that generally refers to movement of the body, usually rhythmic, and to music,^[21] used as a course of expression, social interaction or presented in a spiritual or operation setting. Dance is also used to describe methods of nonverbal advice (see trunk language) between humans or animals (bee dance, patterns of behaviour such as a mating dance), motion in inanimate objects ("the leaves danced in the air current"), and certain musical genres. In sports, gymnastics, figure skating and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines while the kata of the martial arts are oft compared to dances.

Theatre [edit]

Modern Western theatre is dominated by realism, including drama and comedy. Some other popular Western form is musical theatre. Classical forms of theatre, including Greek and Roman drama, archetype English drama (Shakespeare and Marlowe included), and French theater (Molière included), are still performed today. In addition, performances of classic Eastern forms such equally Noh and Kabuki can be plant in the West, although with less frequency.

Film [edit]

Fine arts movie is a term that encompasses movement pictures and the field of motion-picture show as a fine fine art form. A fine arts movie theater is a venue, usually a building, for viewing such movies. Films are produced by recording images from the world with cameras, or past creating images using blitheness techniques or special effects. Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an of import fine art course, a source of pop entertainment and a powerful method for educating – or indoctrinating – citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motility pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue.

Cinematography is the subject area of making lighting and camera choices when recording photographic images for the movie theatre. It is closely related to the fine art of still photography, though many additional problems arise when both the camera and elements of the scene may exist in move.

Independent filmmaking frequently takes place outside of Hollywood, or other major studio systems. An independent moving-picture show (or indie film) is a motion-picture show initially produced without financing or distribution from a major motion-picture show studio. Artistic, business organization, and technological reasons take all contributed to the growth of the indie flick scene in the tardily 20th and early 21st century.

Poesy [edit]

Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term ποίησις (poiesis, "to make") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such every bit sound symbolism, phonaesthetics and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.^[22]

Other [edit]

• Avant-garde music is oft considered both a performing art and a fine art.
• Electronic media – perhaps the newest medium for fine fine art, since it utilizes modern technologies such equally computers from production to presentation. Includes, amongst others, video, digital photography, digital printmaking and interactive pieces.
• Textiles, including quilt art and "article of clothing" or "pre-wearable" creations, frequently reach the category of art objects, sometimes like part of an art display.
• Western art (or Classical) music is a performing art frequently considered to be fine art.
• Origami – The terminal century has witnessed a renewed interest in understanding the behavior of folding thing with contributions from artists and scientists. Origami is different from other arts: while painting requires the addition of matter, and sculpture involves subtraction, origami does non add together or subtract: it transforms. Origami artists are pushing the limits of an fine art increasingly committed to its time, with a bloodline catastrophe in engineering science and spacecraft. Its computational aspect and shareable quality (empowered by social networks) are parts of the puzzle that is making origami a paradigmatic fine art of the 21st century.^{[23] [24] [25]}

Academic study [edit]

Africa [edit]

• Fine Art Schools, Colleges and Universities in Africa
• South Africa

Asia [edit]

• Kyoto City University of Arts, Nihon Offers graduate degrees in Painting, Printmaking, Concept and Media Planning, Sculpture, and Design (Visual, Environmental, and Product), Crafts (Ceramics, Dying and Weaving, and Urushi Lacquering); as well the Science of Art and Conservation.
• Tokyo University of the Arts The art school offers graduate degrees in Painting (Japanese and Oil), Sculpture, Crafts, Blueprint, Architecture, Intermedia Art, Aesthetics and Art History. The music and pic schools are dissever.
• Korean National Academy Music, Drama, Dance, Flick, Traditional Arts (Korean Music, Dance and Performing Arts), Design, Architecture, Art Theory, Visual Arts Dept. of Fine Arts (painting, sculpture, photography, 3D laser holography, Video, interactivity, pottery and drinking glass).
• The Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts is a Chinese national university based in Guangzhou which provides Fine Arts and Design Doctoral, Master and available'due south degrees.
• University of Fine Arts, Kolkata is a Fine art college in the Indian urban center of Kolkata, Westward Bengal.
• Lebanese University of Fine Arts is a prestigious fine arts college originally founded in 1937 by a grouping of young classical musicians in Beirut, in 1988 it was merged with University of Balamand. ALBA is considered a Pioneering Institute in the region with exceptional educational expertise and world-renowned lecturers and instructors.^[26]

Europe [edit]

South America [edit]

• Brazil: The Plant for the Arts in Brazilia has departments for theater, visual arts, industrial design, and music.^[27]

United States [edit]

In the United States an academic course of study in art may include the Bachelor of Arts in Fine art, or a Available of Fine Arts, and/or a Master of Fine Arts degree – traditionally the terminal degree in the field. Doctor of Fine Arts degrees —earned, as opposed to honorary degrees— have begun to emerge at some United states of america academic institutions, however. Major schools of art in the US:

• Yale Academy, New Haven, CT – MFA, BA.^[28]
• Rhode Island School of Design, Providence, RI – MFA, BFA.^[29]
• School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois – MFA in Studio, MFA in Writing.^[30]
• University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA – MFA^[31]
• California Institute of the Arts, Valencia, CA^[32]
• Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA^[33]
• Cranbrook Academy of Art, Bloomfield Hills, MI^[34]
• Maryland Institute Higher of Fine art, Baltimore, Doc^[35]
• Fordham Academy, (B.F.A)^[36]
• Columbia University, MFA, articulation JD/MFA degree, PHD.^[37]
• Juilliard School, New York, NY is a performing arts conservatory established in 1905. It educates and trains undergraduate and graduate students in dance, drama, and music. It is widely regarded every bit 1 of the earth'southward leading music schools, with some of the most prestigious arts programs.^{[38] [39] [40]}
• ArtCenter College of Design, Pasadena, CA is a nonprofit, private college founded in 1930. ArtCenter offers undergraduate and graduate programs in a wide diverseness of art and design fields, as well every bit public programs for children and high school students. U.S. News and World Report as well ranks Art Center's Fine art, Industrial Design and Media Blueprint Practices programs among the meridian 20 graduate schools in the U.Southward.^[41]

Run into too [edit]

• The arts
• Functioning fine art

References [edit]

1. ^ Blunt, 48–55
2. ^ Colvin, Sidney (1911). "Fine Arts". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 355–375.
3. ^ "Fine art". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
4. ^ "Aesthetic Judgment". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 22 July 2010.
5. ^ Drutt, Matthew; Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich; Gurianova, J. (2003). Malevich, Black Square, 1915, Guggenheim New York, exhibition, 2003-2004. ISBN9780892072651 . Retrieved eighteen March 2014.
6. ^ CLOWNEY, DAVID (2011). "Definitions of Art and Fine Art'south Historical Origins". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 69 (3): 309–320. doi:x.1111/j.1540-6245.2011.01474.10. ISSN 0021-8529. JSTOR 23883666.
7. ^ Maraffi, Topher. "Using New Media for Practice-based Fine Arts Research in the Classroom" (PDF). University of South Carolina Beaufort.
8. ^ Clowney, David. "A Third Organisation of the Arts? An Exploration of Some Ideas from Larry Shiner's The Invention of Art: A Cultural History". Contemporary Aesthetics . Retrieved 7 May 2013.
9. ^ Blunt, 55
10. ^ Guerzoni, G. (2011). Apollo and Vulcan: The Art Markets in Italy, 1400–1700. Michigan State University Printing. p. 27. ISBN978-1-60917-361-6 . Retrieved iv July 2020. Observing these tensions, George Kubler was led to affirm in 1961: "The seventeenth-century bookish separation between fine and useful arts offset cruel out of manner nearly a century ago. From well-nigh 1880 the conception of 'fine art' was ..."
11. ^ Kubler, George (1962). The Shape of Fourth dimension : Remarks on the History of Things. New Haven and London: Yale Academy Printing.Kubler, pp. 14–15, google books
12. ^ Capizzi, Padre (1989). Piazza Armerina: The Mosaics and Morgantina. International Specialized Book Service Inc.
13. ^ ^{a b} Mediavilla, C. (1996). Calligraphy. Scirpus Publications.
14. ^ Pott, G. (2006). Kalligrafie: Intensiv Training. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
15. ^ Pott, G. (2005). Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten. Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz.
16. ^ *Zapf, H. (2007). Alphabet Stories: A Relate of Technical Developments. Rochester: Cary Graphic Arts Press.
17. ^ Hannes Schmidt: Remarks to the Chemograms from Josef H. Neumann. Exhibition in photography Studio Galerie from Prof. Pan Walther. In: Photo-Presse. Issue 22, 1976, S. 6.
18. ^ The Tower Bridge, the Eiffel Tower and the Colosseum are representative of the buildings used on advertizement brochures.
19. ^ "Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity" September 2007 to January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
20. ^ Conceptual art Tate online glossary tate.org.britain. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
21. ^ Britannica Curtailed Encyclopedia. "britannica". britannica. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
22. ^ "Poetry". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2013.
23. ^ Gould, Vanessa. "Betwixt the Folds, a documentary movie".
24. ^ McArthur, Meher (2012). Folding Newspaper: The Space Possibilities of Origami. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804843386.
25. ^ McArthur, Meher (2020). New Expressions in Origami Art. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN978-0804853453.
26. ^ "Alexis Boutros, le fondateur de fifty'Alba – Historique – À propos de l'Alba – Académie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts (Alba) – Université de Balamand". world wide web.alba.edu.lb. Archived from the original on xx September 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
27. ^ "Found for the Arts, Brazilia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2014.
28. ^ "Yale Academy School of Fine art". Art.yale.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
29. ^ "Division of Fine Arts RISD". Risd.edu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
30. ^ "School of the Art Plant of Chicago". Saic.edu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved thirteen March 2014.
31. ^ "UCLA Department of Art". Art.ucla.edu. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
32. ^ "California Institute of the Arts Programs". Calarts.edu. 20 December 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
33. ^ "Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts". .cfa.cmu.edu. Archived from the original on xiii March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
34. ^ "Welcome to Cranbrook University of Fine art". Cranbrookart.edu. Retrieved thirteen March 2014.
35. ^ "Maryland Found Higher of Art". Mica.edu. Retrieved xiii March 2014.
36. ^ "B.F.A. Program". The Ailey Schoolhouse.
37. ^ "Columbia University School of the Arts". Arts.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved xiii March 2014.
38. ^ "Notwithstanding 'all-time reputation' for Juilliard at 100". The Washington Times . Retrieved 15 September 2013.
39. ^ Frank Rich (2003). Juilliard . Harry N. Abrams. pp. 10. ISBN0-8109-3536-eight. Juilliard grew upwardly with both the country and its burgeoning cultural capital of New York to become an internationally recognized synonym for the elevation of creative achievement.
40. ^ "The Superlative 25 Drama Schools in the World". The Hollywood Reporter. xxx May 2013. Retrieved fifteen September 2013.
41. ^ "ArtCenter College of Blueprint Overall Rankings – US News Best Colleges". U.S. News & Earth Study. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2020.

• Blunt Anthony, Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1600, 1940 (refs to 1985 edn), OUP, ISBN 0198810504

Farther reading [edit]

• Ballard, A. (1898). Arrows; or, Educational activity a fine art. New York: A.Southward. Barnes & Company.
• Caffin, Charles Henry. (1901). Photography as a fine art; the achievements and possibilities of photographic art in America. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
• Crane, 50., and Whiting, C. G. (1885). Fine art and the formation of taste: vi lectures. Boston: Chautauqua Press. Chapter four : Fine Arts
• Hegel, G. W. F., and Bosanquet, B. (1905). The introduction to Hegel's Philosophy of fine art. London: M. Paul, Trench &.
• Hegel, Thousand. West. F. (1998). Aesthetics: lectures on fine fine art. Oxford: Clarendon Printing.
• Neville, H. (1875). The stage: its past and present in relation to fine art. London: R. Bentley and Son.
• Rossetti, W. M. (1867). Fine art, chiefly contemporary: notices re-printed, with revisions. London: Macmillan.
• Shiner, Larry. (2003). "The Invention of Art: A Cultural History". Chicago: University of Chicago Printing. ISBN 978-0-226-75342-3
• Torrey, J. (1874). A theory of fine fine art. New York: Scribner, Armstrong, and Co.
• ALBA (2018). [i] Archived xx September 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art